Multimorbidities in Allergic Rhinitis-Current Evidence from Epidemiological Studies, Treatment Trials, and Molecular...

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Genetics
• Clinical Medicine

Background:

• Allergic rhinitis (AR) frequently coexists with other health conditions, a phenomenon termed multimorbidity.
• The exact pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying AR multimorbidity remain uncertain, highlighting the need for further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current theories on allergic rhinitis multimorbidities.
• To explore the influence of phenotypes, genotypes, age, and treatment responses on AR multimorbidity.
• To discuss future directions in the diagnosis and management of multimorbid allergic diseases.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing literature on allergic rhinitis and its multimorbidities.
• Analysis of current theories regarding genetic and phenotypic variations in multimorbid AR.
• Examination of treatment responses, including allergen immunotherapy and biological agents.

Main Results:

• Multimorbid allergic rhinitis may possess a distinct genetic basis and a more severe phenotype compared to standalone AR.
• Allergen immunotherapy shows promise in managing atopic symptoms and potentially preventing new sensitizations.
• Biological therapies are effective for certain AR comorbidities like asthma, with broader applications under investigation.

Conclusions:

• Phenotypic and genotypic characterization is crucial for advancing the understanding of AR multimorbidity.
• Further research is required to develop diagnostic, stratificational, and predictive algorithms for multimorbid allergic diseases.
• Integration of real-time data and novel pathophysiological insights will enable personalized and effective antiallergic treatments.