Parkinson disease primer, part 1: diagnosis

To provide family physicians an updated approach to the diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD).

Published guidelines on the diagnosis and management of PD were reviewed. Database searches were conducted to retrieve relevant research articles published between 2011 and 2021. Evidence levels ranged from I to III.

Diagnosis of PD is predominantly clinical. Family physicians should evaluate patients for specific features of parkinsonism, then determine whether symptoms are attributable to PD. Levodopa trials can be used to help confirm the diagnosis and alleviate motor symptoms of PD. "Red flag" features and absence of response to levodopa may point to other causes of parkinsonism and prompt more urgent referral.

Access to neurologists and specialized clinics varies, and Canadian family physicians can be important players in facilitating early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Applying an organized approach to diagnosis and considering motor and nonmotor symptoms can greatly benefit patients with PD. Part 2 in this series will review management of PD.