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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.1K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
274
DNA01:27

DNA

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DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It determines an organism’s traits by encoding information in a sequence of four chemical bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases form a double-helix structure, with A pairing with T and C pairing with G. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and plays a crucial role in inheritance, cell function, and evolution.DNA research allows scientists to...
23
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

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DNA Methylation: Genomewide Distribution, Regulatory Mechanism and Therapy Target.

D S Kaplun1,2, D N Kaluzhny3, E B Prokhortchouk1,2

  • 1Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia.

Acta Naturae
|January 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation, a key epigenetic regulator, influences gene activity and chromatin structure. Understanding factors affecting DNA methylation is crucial for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for diseases.

Keywords:
DNA methylationDNA methyltransferasesG-quadruplexesTET dioxydenasesmethyl-DNA binding proteins

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression, X-inactivation, and chromatin structure.
  • While often linked to transcriptional repression, genome-wide studies reveal active genes with methylated promoters, challenging traditional views.
  • Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are observed in various pathological conditions, highlighting its role in disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest research on the genomic DNA methylation landscape.
  • To explore factors influencing DNA methylation levels and interpretation.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for diseases associated with altered DNA methylation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent genome-wide studies on DNA methylation patterns.
  • Analysis of protein factors and secondary DNA structures affecting DNA methylation.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of DNA methylation regulation and its implications.

Main Results:

  • Identified protein factors that bind to DNA based on methylation status, acting as regulators of transcription and methylation.
  • Highlighted that secondary DNA structures can also influence DNA methylation.
  • Demonstrated that some DNA regions resist methylation, and factors affecting methylation or its interpretation are potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • The complex role of DNA methylation in gene regulation necessitates a deeper understanding of its landscape.
  • Factors influencing DNA methylation and its interpretation, including protein factors and DNA structures, represent promising therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into these factors can lead to novel diagnostic markers and treatments for methylation-related diseases.