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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

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Dipolar-Coupled Entangled Molecular 4f Qubits.

Bela E Bode1, Edoardo Fusco1, Rachel Nixon1

  • 1EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St AndrewsKY16 9ST, U.K.

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Researchers created entangled two-qubit systems using ytterbium ions and dipolar interactions. These molecular systems show quantum properties comparable to single qubits, paving the way for advanced quantum computing.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum information science
  • Solid-state quantum systems
  • Molecular magnetism

Background:

  • Quantum computing relies on robust qubits.
  • Entangled systems offer enhanced computational power.
  • Controlling interactions between quantum bits is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct molecular entangled two-qubit systems.
  • To investigate the quantum properties of these systems.
  • To compare their performance with single qubits.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous wave- and pulse-electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • Utilizing oriented single crystals of magnetically dilute Yb(III) ions.
  • Exploiting dipolar interactions between neighboring Yb(III) centers.

Main Results:

  • Successfully constructed molecular entangled two-qubit systems.
  • Demonstrated that dipolar interactions mediate entanglement.
  • Observed phase memory times and Rabi frequencies comparable to single qubits.

Conclusions:

  • Yb(III) ions in Yb(trensal) can form entangled two-qubit systems.
  • Dipolar coupling is an effective mechanism for creating molecular qubits.
  • These systems exhibit promising quantum coherence properties for quantum technologies.