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Updates on HIV and Kidney Disease.
C Elena Cervantes1, Mohamed G Atta2
1Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 416, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Current HIV/AIDS Reports
|January 25, 2023
Summary
HIV infection is now a chronic condition, shifting focus to non-HIV kidney disease risks and antiretroviral therapy's impact. This review covers risk factors, diagnostics, pathology, and nephrotoxicity in HIV-associated kidney disease.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Infectious Diseases
- Genetics
Background:
- Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV infection into a chronic condition in developed nations.
- Understanding of non-HIV-driven kidney disease risk factors, including APOL1 variants, has advanced.
- The study of HIV-associated kidney disease now emphasizes traditional chronic kidney disease (CKD) risks and antiretroviral treatment (ART) nephrotoxicity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on risk factors contributing to HIV-associated kidney disease.
- To explore advancements in diagnostic tools for kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals.
- To examine kidney pathology and antiretroviral therapy-associated nephrotoxicity in the context of chronic HIV infection.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of studies on HIV-associated kidney disease.
- Analysis of recent findings on genetic (e.g., APOL1) and environmental risk factors.
- Evaluation of diagnostic strategies and pathological findings in HIV-positive patients with kidney disease.
Main Results:
- Non-HIV-related factors are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to kidney disease in HIV patients.
- Traditional CKD risk factors and ART-induced nephrotoxicity are critical considerations.
- Specific genetic predispositions, like APOL1 risk variants, play a role in HIV-associated kidney disease development.
Conclusions:
- The management of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals requires a multifaceted approach.
- Integrating assessment of traditional CKD risks, genetic factors, and ART-related effects is crucial.
- Further research is needed to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HIV-associated kidney disease.
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