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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2
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Sequential Polyadenylation to Enable Alternative mRNA 3' End Formation.

Yajing Hao1, Ting Cai1, Chang Liu1

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Molecules and Cells
|January 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates mRNA diversity. A new study reveals sequential APA as a novel post-transcriptional mechanism, challenging previous cotranscriptional assumptions.

Keywords:
RNA processingalternative polyadenylationcleavage and polyadenylationco-transcriptional alternative polyadenylationmRNA 3′ end formationsequential alternative polyadenylation

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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) is crucial for mature mRNA generation in eukaryotes.
  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA) produces mRNA isoforms with varied 3' ends, affecting protein coding sequences (CDS-APA) or 3' untranslated regions (tandem-APA).
  • APA was traditionally assumed to be a cotranscriptional process linked to transcriptional termination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging mechanism of sequential APA.
  • To provide insights into documented regulatory paradigms of APA.
  • To highlight APA as a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on APA.
  • Analysis of existing data on RNA processing and stability.
  • Focus on the mechanism of sequential APA.

Main Results:

  • Sequential APA represents a novel post-transcriptional mechanism for generating APA isoforms.
  • Differential RNA stability of isoforms can lead to "apparent" APA.
  • This mechanism expands the understanding of APA regulation beyond cotranscriptional control.

Conclusions:

  • APA regulation is more complex than previously thought, involving post-transcriptional events.
  • Sequential APA offers new insights into mRNA processing and regulation.
  • Understanding APA mechanisms is vital for comprehending gene expression regulation.