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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • One Health

    Background:

    • The period October 2021–September 2022 saw Europe's most devastating highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic, with over 2,520 outbreaks in poultry and 3,867 detections in wild birds across 37 countries.
    • This epidemic led to the culling of 50 million birds and demonstrated unprecedented geographical spread.
    • A subsequent reporting period (September–December 2022) indicated 1,163 HPAI detections across 27 European countries, with a notable shift towards increased detections in waterfowl.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report on the epidemiological situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Europe.
    • To analyze trends in HPAI virus detections in different bird populations and geographical regions.
    • To assess the risk of HPAI transmission to poultry and potential zoonotic implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Surveillance and reporting of HPAI outbreaks and virus detections in poultry, captive birds, and wild birds across European countries.
    • Analysis of HPAI virus genotypes, including the emergence of new genotypes (clade 2.3.4.4b).
    • Monitoring of HPAI detections in wild and farmed mammals and human cases.

    Main Results:

    • Between October 2021–September 2022, Europe faced a severe HPAI epidemic affecting 37 countries, resulting in 50 million birds culled.
    • From September–December 2022, 1,163 HPAI detections were reported, with a decrease in seabirds and an increase in waterfowl.
    • New HPAI virus genotypes (clade 2.3.4.4b) were detected, alongside evidence of adaptation to mammals and rare human infections (A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H9N2)).

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous circulation of HPAI in wild waterfowl poses a persistent threat to poultry, with waterfowl suspected as primary incursion agents.
    • Emerging HPAI genotypes and mammalian adaptation increase the complexity of the epidemic and potential for spillover.
    • While the risk to the general EU/EEA population is low, it is low to medium for occupationally exposed individuals.