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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium.

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    The European Food Safety Authority established a tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium at 255 μg/day for adults. This ensures safety, as excess selenium intake can cause adverse effects like hair loss.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Nutritional Science
    • Toxicology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Selenium is an essential trace element with a narrow window between deficiency and toxicity.
    • Previous assessments lacked a definitive tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium.
    • The European Commission requested an updated scientific opinion on selenium's UL.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish a scientifically sound tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium for the general population.
    • To review evidence on excess selenium intake, clinical effects, and biomarkers.
    • To assess risks associated with current selenium intake levels in Europe.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted systematic literature reviews to identify adverse effects and biomarkers of excess selenium intake.
    • Utilized data from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) to identify a lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL).
    • Applied an uncertainty factor of 1.3 to the LOAEL and used allometric scaling for deriving ULs in children.

    Main Results:

    • Alopecia was identified as a critical endpoint for excess selenium exposure.
    • A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 330 μg/day was determined.
    • A tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 255 μg/day was established for adults, including pregnant and lactating women.

    Conclusions:

    • Current selenium intake from food (excluding supplements) in European toddlers and children is not a concern.
    • Adults are unlikely to exceed the UL from food alone, but caution is advised for high-dose supplement users and regular Brazil nut consumers.
    • Selenium-containing supplements for children should be used cautiously based on individual requirements.