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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Analysis of Translation in the Developing Mouse Brain using Polysome Profiling

Analysis of Translation in the Developing Mouse Brain using Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 22, 2021

Translational control in cortical development.

Federico Cremisi¹, Robert Vignali²

¹Laboratory of Biology, Department of Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy

|January 26, 2023

Summary

MicroRNAs (miRs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate neuronal differentiation timing in the mammalian neocortex. These molecules control gene expression post-transcriptionally, influencing neuronal identity and projection abilities.

Keywords:

RNA binding protein cortex development evolution microRNA

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Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

Published on: May 18, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Neuronal type differentiation involves complex gene regulation.
Mammalian neocortex development relies on transcription factors for layer allocation and neuronal properties.
Precise temporal control of transcription factor appearance is crucial for neuronal identity.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of post-transcriptional regulation in mammalian neocortex development.
Explore the function of microRNAs (miRs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in neuronal differentiation.
Understand how these regulators influence the timing of gene product appearance and neuronal properties.

Main Methods:

Analysis of gene regulation during cortical development.
Focus on post-transcriptional control mechanisms.
Examination of microRNA and RNA-binding protein functions.

Main Results:

Post-transcriptional control by miRs and RBPs is essential for neuronal differentiation timing.
These molecules globally regulate gene expression in progenitor and post-mitotic cells.
Delayed protein appearance mediated by miRs and RBPs (heterochrony) impacts neuronal differentiation and projection abilities.

Conclusions:

miRs and RBPs provide a critical layer of gene expression control in cortical development.
Heterochronic effects mediated by these regulators are vital for neuronal maturation and function.
This regulatory layer may contribute to the evolution of diverse cortical cell types in mammals.