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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
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Infection infidelities drive innate immunity.

Jonathan C Kagan1

  • 1Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Failed pathogen attempts may be crucial for triggering host immune responses to infections. Understanding these unsuccessful activities can reveal new ways to boost defenses against disease.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious disease research
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Pathogens constantly evolve strategies to overcome host defenses.
  • Understanding pathogen-host interactions is critical for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of unsuccessful pathogenic activities in activating host immune responses.
  • To identify potential targets for enhancing host defense mechanisms against infections.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing pathogen behavior during infection attempts.
  • Monitoring host immune cell activation and cytokine production.
  • Utilizing in vitro and in vivo infection models.

Main Results:

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  • Certain failed pathogenic activities were found to strongly induce host immune cell recruitment.
  • Specific molecular signals released during unsuccessful attacks correlate with enhanced immune surveillance.
  • Host immune systems appear to 'learn' from these failed encounters, improving future responses.

    • Conclusions:

    • Unsuccessful pathogenic activities are not merely failures but can serve as critical triggers for robust host defense activation.
    • Exploiting these pathogen-induced immune signals could lead to novel strategies for infection prevention and treatment.
    • This highlights a dynamic interplay where pathogen setbacks actively shape and strengthen host immunity.