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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Isomerism in Complexes
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Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Color polymorphism in organic crystals.

Bernardo A Nogueira1,2, Chiara Castiglioni3, Rui Fausto4,5

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Color polymorphism, where chemical crystals exhibit different colors, is rare but has significant industrial applications. This review clarifies concepts and discusses systems with this unique property.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Color polymorphism involves chemical systems with crystal polymorphs of distinct colors.
  • This phenomenon is infrequently documented but holds potential for industrial applications.
  • Existing literature often uses related concepts imprecisely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known chemical systems exhibiting color polymorphism.
  • To discuss the underlying reasons for color polymorphism.
  • To provide systematic definitions for clarity in scientific discourse.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of chemical systems with color polymorphism.
  • Analysis of structural and electronic properties contributing to color differences.
  • Conceptual clarification and definition of key terms.

Main Results:

  • Identification and summary of representative chemical systems displaying color polymorphism.
  • Discussion of factors influencing color variations in polymorphs.
  • Establishment of precise definitions for color polymorphism-related concepts.

Conclusions:

  • Color polymorphism, though rare, is a significant property with diverse technological implications.
  • A clear understanding and precise terminology are crucial for advancing research in this area.
  • This review provides a foundational resource for studying and applying color-changing chemical systems.