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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
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Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Carbon aggregates can form exotic allotropes, including planar rings.
  • Understanding the properties of these carbon rings is crucial for materials science.
  • Cyclo[n]carbon radical cations represent a unique class of carbon allotropes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic spectra of even cyclo[n]carbon radical cations.
  • To understand the structural and electronic properties of these carbon rings.
  • To explore the fragmentation pathways of excited carbon rings.

Main Methods:

  • Two-color photodissociation action spectroscopy was employed.
  • Isomer-selected cyclo[n]carbon radical cations were analyzed using a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer.
  • Hückel theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used for rationalization.

Main Results:

  • Electronic spectra showed sharp transitions in the visible and near-infrared regions.
  • The main absorption band shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing ring size (approx. 100 nm per two additional carbons).
  • Fragmentation patterns varied with ring size, with larger rings favoring decomposition into smaller, stable rings.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the cyclic structure of cyclo[n]carbon radical cations.
  • Observed spectral shifts are consistent with Hückel theory predictions for π orbitals.
  • Fragmentation pathways favor low-energy products, including stable aromatic rings.