MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium, acting as both a harmless commensal and a dangerous pathogen.
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a significant threat in healthcare, community, and veterinary settings.
• MRSA arises from MSSA acquiring the SCCmec element, leading to resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics via the mecA gene and PBP-2α production.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of MRSA.
• To discuss the emergence, transmission, and epidemiology of MRSA.
• To explore the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and novel therapeutic and control strategies for MRSA.

Main Methods:

• This review synthesizes existing literature on MRSA.
• It examines the genetic basis of MRSA antibiotic resistance.
• It analyzes the virulence factors contributing to MRSA pathogenicity.

Main Results:

• MRSA poses a substantial risk to public health and livestock.
• MRSA infections range from skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening conditions like bacteremia and septicemia.
• Increasing antibiotic resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative interventions.

Conclusions:

• MRSA represents a critical challenge due to its resistance and virulence.
• Effective control and novel treatment strategies are essential to mitigate MRSA's impact.
• Further research into alternative approaches is crucial for managing MRSA infections.