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Development and validation of the Executive Functioning Scale.

Mirko Uljarević1, Ru Ying Cai2, Antonio Y Hardan1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Executive Functioning Scale (EFS) was developed to assess crucial cognitive and emotional regulation skills in children. This reliable and valid tool aids in understanding executive functioning across various neurodevelopmental conditions.

Keywords:
assessmentautismemotion regulationexecutive functioningneurodevelopmentalresponse inhibitionself-regulationworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Developmental Science

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) is vital for daily adaptation and is impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and neuropsychiatric conditions (NPDs).
  • Existing informant-report measures lack comprehensive assessment of both non-affective (e.g., working memory, inhibition) and affective (e.g., emotion regulation) EF subdomains.
  • There is a need for freely available, validated tools to measure these critical EF aspects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and psychometrically evaluate a new, comprehensive informant-report measure of executive functioning in children.
  • To assess the scale's reliability, internal consistency, and factor structure across diverse demographic groups.
  • To provide a tool for research and clinical settings to evaluate EF in NDDs and NPDs.

Main Methods:

  • Development and refinement of a 52-item Executive Functioning Scale (EFS).
  • Two independent data collections for exploratory (n=2004) and confirmatory (n=954) psychometric evaluation, including children with autism.
  • Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) used to determine factor structure and invariance across age, sex, race, and ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • ESEM analysis supported a six-factor model aligning with hypothesized EF subdomains (working memory, inhibition, set-shifting, processing speed, emotion regulation, risk avoidance) plus a general EF factor.
  • The EFS demonstrated excellent reliability and internal consistency for both the general and specific factors (omega and alpha coefficients high).
  • The scale showed invariance across demographic groups, indicating broad applicability.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Executive Functioning Scale (EFS) is a reliable and valid measure for assessing multifaceted EF in children.
  • The EFS shows strong psychometric properties and potential for widespread use in research and clinical practice.
  • This scale addresses a critical gap in available tools for evaluating EF in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric contexts.