Recent research advances in young-onset dementia

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Gerontology
• Psychiatry

Background:

• Young-onset dementia (YOD) is defined as dementia with symptom onset before age 65.
• While Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are common causes, YOD encompasses a broader spectrum of neurodegenerative and other conditions.
• Phenotypic heterogeneity is a hallmark of YOD, with genetic mutations and protein accumulation leading to diverse clinical presentations.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes recent international literature on YOD epidemiology, diagnosis, and service provision.
• It examines the utility of biomarkers, including plasma/CSF proteins, neuroimaging, and genetics, for early YOD identification.
• The review also addresses the diagnostic overlap between psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in younger individuals.

Key Points:

• International YOD prevalence is approximately 119 per 100,000, with variations across populations.
• Emerging biomarkers show promise for earlier and more accurate YOD diagnosis.
• YOD management requires age-specific, person-centered care, integrating with broader health and social support systems.

Conclusions:

• Early identification of YOD is essential for timely intervention.
• Age-specific and person-centered management strategies are critical for individuals with YOD and their families.
• Improved integration of health and social services is necessary to support younger people with dementia.