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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Discipline-Based Diversity Research in Chemistry.

Rigoberto Hernandez1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.

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Discipline-Based Diversity Research (DBDR) addresses diversity, equity, and inclusion within specific academic fields. This approach, applied to chemistry, offers research-based solutions to improve faculty diversity, aiming for systemic change.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Sociology of Science
  • Higher Education

Background:

  • Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DEIB) initiatives often lack disciplinary specificity.
  • Discipline-Based Education Research (DBER) demonstrates the value of contextualizing human dynamics within academic fields.
  • Academic chemistry faces significant underrepresentation of women and under-represented persons of color (URPOC) in faculty positions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce and define Discipline-Based Diversity Research (DBDR) as a framework for advancing DEIB within specific disciplines.
  • Analyze the current state of diversity in chemistry faculty and project future trends based on historical data.
  • Propose a top-down, research-informed strategy for implementing DEIB solutions within chemistry departments.

Main Methods:

  • Recapitulation of historical data on gender and URPOC representation in chemistry faculty over 20 years.
  • Application of linear regression to project future diversity trends.
  • Description of DBDR implementation through workshops (e.g., Open Chemistry Collaborative in Diversity Equity - OXIDE's National Diversity Equity Workshops - NDEWs) focusing on community, recruitment, and recognition.

Main Results:

  • Without intervention, projected timelines for achieving gender parity in chemistry faculty is 2062, and 20% URPOC representation is 2113.
  • DBDR in chemistry involves contextualizing DEIB solutions within the discipline's practices and theories.
  • Key recommendations include fostering community, conducting inclusive searches, and valuing inclusive excellence.

Conclusions:

  • DBDR provides a necessary, discipline-specific lens for addressing systemic inequities in academic fields.
  • Chemistry has begun implementing DBDR, demonstrating its potential for tangible progress in faculty diversity.
  • The DBDR framework offers a replicable model for other disciplines seeking to advance DEIB.