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Viral T-cell epitopes - Identification, characterization and clinical application.

Sarah M Schroeder¹, Annika Nelde², Juliane S Walz³

¹Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Seminars in Immunology

|January 27, 2023

Summary

Understanding viral T-cell epitopes is crucial for controlling infections. This review details methods for identifying and characterizing these epitopes, highlighting their clinical applications in vaccination and T-cell therapies for viral diseases.

Keywords:

DC vaccination Immunopeptidomics In silico prediction Mass spectrometry Peptide vaccination T-cell assays T-cell epitope characterization T-cell epitopes T-cell transfer Viral infection

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Computational Biology

Background:

T-cell immunity, involving CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, is vital for managing viral infections.
Viral T-cell epitopes, presented by HLA molecules, are key for T-cell recognition of infected cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the identification and characterization of viral T-cell epitopes.
To explore the clinical applications of viral T-cell epitopes in diagnostics, vaccines, and T-cell therapies.

Main Methods:

Comparison of in silico prediction tools and mass spectrometry-based identification of epitopes.
Overview of assays for characterizing T-cell responses and phenotypes.
Review of clinical applications focusing on HIV, HCMV, and SARS-CoV-2.

Main Results:

Viral T-cell epitopes serve as diagnostic markers for immune responses.
Epitope knowledge enables prophylactic and therapeutic strategies like vaccination and T-cell transfer.
These strategies are particularly effective in immunocompromised individuals.

Conclusions:

Accurate identification and characterization of viral T-cell epitopes are essential for developing effective antiviral interventions.
Clinical applications are demonstrated for significant viral pathogens including HIV, HCMV, and SARS-CoV-2.