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Related Concept Videos

Titrimetric Methods: Types and Commonly Used Strategies01:08

Titrimetric Methods: Types and Commonly Used Strategies

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In chemistry, titrimetric methods are broadly classified into three types: volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric. Volumetric titrations involve measuring the volume of a titrant of known concentration that is required to react completely with an analyte. In gravimetric titrations, the standard solution reacts with the analyte to form an insoluble precipitate, which is filtered, dried, and weighed. In coulometric titrations, current is applied to an electrochemical reaction until the reaction...
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Precipitation Titration: Overview01:26

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Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
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Potentiometric Titration: Overview01:31

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Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...
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EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration01:23

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Unlike direct titration, back-titration, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration method for quantifying anions. In the indirect titration method, anions are precipitated as their insoluble salts with excess metal ions. The filtrate containing the excess metal ions is directly titrated with standard EDTA until the endpoint is achieved. Another approach involves extracting the metal ion and back-titrating with standard EDTA to obtain the endpoint. In this way, the...
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Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types01:01

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types

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Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution of known concentration in the burette is called the titrant, whereas the solution of unknown concentration in the flask is called the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analyses can be classified into four types based on the reactions between the titrant and analyte.
Titrations between an acid and a base lead to neutralization reactions that form...
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Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration01:18

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration

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Coulometric titrations are a form of titrimetric analysis where the reagent is generated electrically, and its amount is evaluated based on current and generating time. The electron serves as the standard reagent. The procedure is similar to conventional titrations, such as endpoint detection.
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Choice and rate-amount independence in a titration procedure.

William M Baum1

  • 1University of California, Davis, USA.

Behavioural Processes
|January 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The generalized matching law accurately predicts how pigeons allocate pecking based on food rate and amount. These factors independently influence behavior, simplifying predictions for activity allocation.

Keywords:
ChoiceConcurrent schedulesPigeonsReward amountReward rateTitration

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral science
  • Animal behavior
  • Operant conditioning

Background:

  • The generalized matching law (or Law of Allocation) offers a framework for understanding activity allocation.
  • This law suggests activities are influenced by factors like rate and amount of inducers.
  • Testing the independence of these factors is crucial for the law's predictive simplicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the independence of rate and amount variables in the generalized matching law.
  • To determine if food rate and amount independently affect pigeons' key-pecking allocation.

Main Methods:

  • A titration procedure was employed with pigeons.
  • Pigeons allocated pecking responses between two keys.
  • Food amount ratio was varied within sessions, and rate ratio was varied across conditions.

Main Results:

  • Results strongly supported the independence of rate and amount variables.
  • Pigeons' peck allocation aligned with predictions from the simple version of the Law of Allocation.
  • The findings validate the additive nature of rate and amount in this context.

Conclusions:

  • The rate and amount of reinforcement independently influence behavioral allocation.
  • The generalized matching law, in its simple form, provides a robust model for predicting behavior.
  • This law has potential applications for understanding activity allocation in naturalistic settings.