Microcystin bound on microplastics in eutrophic waters: A potential threat to zooplankton revealed by...

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in eutrophic waters (both freshwaters and coastal waters) is increasingly reported globally, as has the occurrence of cyanotoxins, including microcystins (MCs). MPs have the potential to act as vectors for MCs in freshwater environments, but the transportation mechanisms and associated risks remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how aging process and water conditions influenced the adsorption behavior of the microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) onto polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Adsorption kinetics and isotherms showed that the MC-LR sorption capacity in descending order was aged PP > pristine PP > aged PE > pristine PE. The aging process increased the MC-LR sorption amount by 25.1% and 6.5% for PP and PE, respectively. The increase in sorption affinity of aged MPs may be attributed to the significant surface oxidation and the formation of the hydrogen bonding between MPs and MC-LR. Furthermore, MC-LR sorption can be largely influenced by the aqueous conditions. MC-LR preferred to be much adsorbed onto different MPs in brackish water than in freshwater owing to the cation bridging effect and complexation of high levels of cations. The usual alkalescent pH in eutrophic waters did not favor MC-LR sorption to MPs. Finally, based on the desorption results, assuming a worst-case scenario, MC-LR bound on MPs may have a high risk to daphnids. The findings obtained in this study have improved our knowledge in the interaction of MPs with hydrophilic cyanotoxins in aqueous ecosystems, as well as the risks associated with their coexistence.