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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Lethal Alleles02:41

Lethal Alleles

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Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Quantification of Ethanol Levels in Zebrafish Embryos Using Head Space Gas Chromatography
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Gene-alcohol interactions in birth defects.

Joshua L Everson1, Johann K Eberhart1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|January 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) arise from complex genetic and environmental interactions, not just alcohol exposure. Identifying these factors is crucial for understanding and preventing these developmental disruptions.

Keywords:
AlcoholBirth defectsEthanolFASFASDGene-environment interactionMultifactorial interactionPAE

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Teratology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Most human birth defects result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
  • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) encompass structural and neurological disruptions from prenatal alcohol exposure.
  • While alcohol exposure is necessary for FASD, other factors influence embryonic susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the complex etiology of FASD beyond alcohol exposure.
  • To emphasize the need for identifying additional genetic and environmental factors influencing FASD.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding alcohol-gene-environment interactions for prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human and animal model studies on FASD.
  • Analysis of known and potential genetic and environmental interactions.
  • Comparative scrutiny of human and model organism data.

Main Results:

  • FASD result from a combination of alcohol exposure and other genetic/environmental factors.
  • Numerous genetic and environmental factors contributing to FASD susceptibility remain unidentified.
  • A definitively "safe" alcohol dose during pregnancy cannot be established due to these interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the multifactorial nature of FASD is critical for prevention.
  • Further research is needed to identify and characterize contributing genetic and environmental factors.
  • Integrated analysis of human and model organism studies is essential for advancing FASD research.