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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Autophagy and podocytopathy.

Claudio Ponticelli1, Gabriella Moroni2, Francesco Reggiani2,3

  • 1Independent Investigator, Milan, Italy.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|January 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is crucial for podocyte health and maintaining kidney filtration. While some drugs show promise in protecting podocytes, clinical trials on autophagy regulators for kidney diseases are lacking.

Keywords:
autophagyfocal segmental glomerulosclerosisminimal change diseasepodocytopathyproteinuria

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Nephrology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process involving lysosomal degradation of cellular components.
  • It is regulated by kinases like AMP-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
  • In podocytes, autophagy maintains the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton, essential for kidney filtration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of autophagy in podocyte function and its implications in kidney diseases.
  • To review potential therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy in podocytopathies.
  • To highlight the need for clinical trials on autophagy regulators.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autophagy mechanisms and podocyte biology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating autophagy modulators in animal models of kidney disease.
  • Examination of clinical data on drugs affecting autophagy in podocytopathies.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy is vital for podocyte structure and function, protecting against injury in glomerular diseases.
  • Aldosterone inhibitors, mineralocorticoid inhibitors, and vitamin D3 have shown protective effects in murine models.
  • Clinical studies demonstrate these agents can reduce proteinuria and podocyte injury.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining podocyte health and preventing glomerulosclerosis.
  • Specific drugs like aldosterone and mineralocorticoid inhibitors, and vitamin D3 show therapeutic potential for podocytopathies.
  • Further clinical trials are warranted to evaluate autophagy regulators in human kidney diseases, with caution regarding mTOR inhibitors and metformin due to adverse events.