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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Impact of Novel Iron Chelators on Cancer Cell Metabolism
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Iron chelation therapy.

Antonella Bruzzese1, Enrica Antonia Martino1, Francesco Mendicino1

  • 1Hematology Unit, Department of Onco-hematology, A.O. of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy.

European Journal of Haematology
|January 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Iron overload, caused by genetic issues or transfusions, requires careful management. Approved iron chelators like deferiprone, deferoxamine, and deferasirox help reduce tissue iron and improve survival, with treatment decisions made jointly by doctors and patients.

Keywords:
chelation therapyiron metabolismiron overload

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Iron overload is a serious condition arising from regulatory defects, increased absorption, or blood transfusions.
  • Maintaining iron balance involves complex intracellular and systemic homeostatic mechanisms.
  • Failure of these mechanisms can lead to pathological iron accumulation in the body.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in diagnosing iron overload.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies for managing iron overload.
  • To highlight the role of iron chelators in improving patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic methods for iron overload, including invasive liver biopsy and noninvasive techniques.
  • Assessment of serum ferritin as a common, though non-specific, indicator of body iron stores.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy of approved iron chelators in treating iron overload.

Main Results:

  • Liver biopsy remains the gold standard but is invasive; noninvasive methods offer a lower-risk alternative.
  • Serum ferritin is widely used for assessing iron stores but lacks specificity.
  • Iron overload is frequently associated with hematological conditions like myelodysplastic syndromes, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.

Conclusions:

  • Approved iron chelators (deferiprone, deferoxamine, deferasirox) effectively lower tissue iron and improve event-free survival.
  • Treatment decisions for iron chelation therapy require collaboration between clinicians and patients.
  • Effective management of iron overload is crucial for preventing complications and improving prognosis.