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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

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The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Evolving characterization of the human hyperdirect pathway.

Clayton S Bingham1, Mikkel V Petersen2, Martin Parent3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

Brain Structure & Function
|January 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hyperdirect pathway (HDP) is key for basal ganglia function and deep brain stimulation (DBS). More research is needed to fully model the HDP

Keywords:
Basal gangliaCortexDeep brain stimulationHyperdirect pathwayParkinson’s diseaseSubthalamic nucleus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The hyperdirect pathway (HDP) is the primary glutamatergic input to the subthalamic nucleus (STN).
  • The HDP modulates basal ganglia activity via motor and prefrontal cortex connections.
  • HDP activation is implicated in both therapeutic deep brain stimulation (DBS) effects and cognitive side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental evidence of HDP projections across the primate neocortex.
  • To identify data gaps crucial for improving anatomical and biophysical models of the human corticosubthalamic system.
  • To explore generative modeling's potential for integrating anatomical and physiological data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HDP tracing and electrophysiology in non-human primates (NHPs) and humans.
  • Analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI data for white matter tractography.
  • Discussion of limitations in current approaches and the need for further experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Current methods (histology, MRI, electrophysiology) provide incomplete understanding of the HDP.
  • Generative modeling offers a promising approach to integrate diverse data for a comprehensive HDP model.
  • Significant experimental data gaps hinder detailed simulation of corticosubthalamic activity.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the HDP requires integrating anatomical and physiological data.
  • Further experimental research is essential to refine computational models of the human corticosubthalamic system.
  • Improved models can enhance our understanding of DBS mechanisms and side effects.