Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

4.6K
Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
4.6K
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

36.3K
An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
36.3K
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

5.9K
DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
5.9K
DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

31.6K
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
31.6K
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

14.1K
In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
14.1K
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

50.8K
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
50.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mitochondrial OXPHOS integrates immunometabolic cascade for bone regeneration via coupled ATP production and ROS homeostasis.

Redox biologyĀ·2026
Same author

Persistent CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell hyporesponsiveness during recovery from prolonged symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cellular immunologyĀ·2026
Same author

Disruption of Treg Homeostasis in Rheumatoid Arthritis via Ferroptosis-Mediated ETC Collapse and TXK-STAT3/PLCĪ³1 Activation.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)Ā·2026
Same author

Impaired Midkine/Treg Signaling Contributes to Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)Ā·2026
Same author

Epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Chongqing from 2003 to 2023.

PloS oneĀ·2026
Same author

Cell cycle control of cohesion establishment.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biologyĀ·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
11:19

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

Published on: August 21, 2016

9.1K

The cohesin modifier ESCO2 is stable during DNA replication.

Allison M Jevitt1, Brooke D Rankin2, Jingrong Chen1

  • 1Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|January 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Sister chromatid cohesion relies on the ESCO2 acetyltransferase. This study found that ESCO2 protein remains stable during DNA replication in both embryonic and somatic cells, challenging previous degradation theories.

Keywords:
Cell cycleChromosome cohesionDNA replicationE3 ubiquitin ligaseESCO2Xenopus laevis egg extract

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization
07:37

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization

Published on: September 27, 2024

1.6K
Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
09:14

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique

Published on: January 14, 2016

9.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
11:19

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

Published on: August 21, 2016

9.1K
Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization
07:37

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Dynamics of Eukaryotic DNA Replication Through Single-Molecule Visualization

Published on: September 27, 2024

1.6K
Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
09:14

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique

Published on: January 14, 2016

9.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and DNA repair.
  • ESCO2 acetyltransferase promotes cohesion by acetylating SMC3, preventing cohesin release.
  • ESCO2 interacts with DNA replication machinery via PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) motifs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of ESCO2 protein during DNA replication.
  • To determine if Cul4-dependent degradation regulates ESCO2 levels post-replication.
  • To validate ESCO2 stability in both cell-free and cellular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of ESCO2 stability in Xenopus egg extracts (cell-free system).
  • Assessment of ESCO2 stability under conditions of induced DNA damage and increased replication.
  • Analysis of GFP-ESCO2 stability in transgenic somatic cell lines using flow cytometry and live-cell imaging.

Main Results:

  • ESCO2 protein demonstrated stability throughout DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts.
  • Neither DNA damage signaling nor increased replication load significantly impacted ESCO2 stability.
  • No evidence of GFP-ESCO2 degradation was observed during the S phase in transgenic somatic cells.

Conclusions:

  • ESCO2 protein is stable during the S phase of the cell cycle in both embryonic and somatic cells.
  • The proposed Cul4-dependent degradation of ESCO2 following replication may not be a primary regulatory mechanism in these systems.
  • ESCO2 stability is maintained irrespective of replication stress or DNA damage signaling during S phase.