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P-A-I-N: a four-cluster MMPI typology for chronic pain
Raymond M Costello1, Timothy L Hulsey, Lawrence S Schoenfeld
1University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78284-7792 U.S.A.
Pain
|August 1, 1987
Summary
This study introduces a four-type MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) classification for chronic pain patients, labeled P-A-I-N, with distinct clinical and demographic profiles. This typology aids in understanding patient differences and guiding treatment research.
Area of Science:
- Psychological assessment
- Chronic pain management
- Medical psychology
Background:
- Chronic pain affects millions, necessitating better patient stratification.
- The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used tool for psychological assessment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate an empirically derived MMPI typology for chronic pain sufferers.
- To identify clinical and demographic correlates for each identified MMPI type.
Main Methods:
- Combined results from 10 investigative teams using MMPI data.
- Developed a 4-cluster typology labeled P-A-I-N based on MMPI profiles.
- Proposed classification rules for non-computerized patient typing.
Main Results:
- Type P: High psychopathology, physical illness claims, distress, social maladaptation; linked to lower education, unemployment, income.
- Type A: 'Conversion V' on neurotic triad scales; no unique correlates.
- Type I: Elevated neurotic triad scales; high physical infirmity, multiple surgeries; psychological treatment benefit.
- Type N: 'Normal' MMPI profiles; moderate health claims, better educated/employed; good treatment response.
Conclusions:
- The P-A-I-N MMPI typology offers distinct profiles for chronic pain patients.
- This classification has significant clinical and demographic implications.
- The typology supports programmatic research into treatment/type interactions and future prospective studies.