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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Published on: May 25, 2018

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The genome editing revolution.

John van der Oost1, Constantinos Patinios1

  • 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Trends in Biotechnology
|January 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientific advances in DNA and RNA led to the genome editing revolution, including CRISPR-Cas technology. This review covers historical milestones and future biotechnology trends.

Keywords:
CRISPR-Casbiotechnologygenome editingrecombineering

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The 20th century saw major discoveries in DNA and RNA structure and function.
  • These discoveries laid the groundwork for molecular biotechnology and genome editing.
  • Progress in scientific insights and technological methods has been rapid over the past four decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of key milestones in genome editing.
  • To highlight the development of genome editing technologies.
  • To speculate on future trends in biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of scientific literature.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in molecular biology.
  • Examination of microbial host-virus interactions.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of DNA/RNA structure and function.
  • Development of restriction enzymes for genome manipulation.
  • Revolutionary advancements with CRISPR-Cas technology.

Conclusions:

  • The genome editing revolution is built upon decades of scientific progress.
  • CRISPR-Cas technology represents a significant leap in genome editing capabilities.
  • Future biotechnology trends are expected to continue evolving rapidly.