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Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and former follower of Freud, eventually broke away from Freud's ideas to create his framework, analytical psychology. This approach emphasizes achieving a balance between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind and reconciling various experiences within an individual's personality. Jung believed that this process, which typically unfolds in the latter part of life, involves an ongoing journey of recognizing and incorporating unconscious...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Spiritually grounded character: A latent profile analysis.

Tom Ford1, Josh Lipson1, Lisa Miller1

  • 1Spirituality and Psychology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Personal spirituality and character strengths are closely linked, with higher levels of both correlating to greater wellbeing. This connection may be fostered by religious practice and community involvement.

Keywords:
characterlatent profile analysispositive psychologyspiritualityspiritually grounded character

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Positive Psychology
  • Spirituality Research

Background:

  • The interplay between personal spirituality and character strengths remains underexplored in psychological research.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for a holistic view of human flourishing and wellbeing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between personal spirituality and character strengths in an adult population.
  • To identify distinct profiles of individuals based on their spirituality and character strengths using latent profile analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Survey administered to 763 adults (aged 18-68) assessing personal spirituality (Delaney Spirituality Scale), character strengths (VIA Inventory), and flourishing (PERMA Profiler).
  • Latent profile analysis (LPA) employed to identify distinct profiles based on spirituality and character strengths (VIA virtues).
  • Demographic variables including age, income, education, religiosity, and religious attendance were also collected.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct, non-overlapping profiles emerged from the latent profile analysis.
  • A consistent positive association was observed between personal spirituality and character strengths across all identified profiles.
  • Profiles characterized by high spirituality and character strengths reported significantly greater levels of flourishing and wellbeing.
  • High spirituality and character profiles were also linked to formal religious observance, high spiritual/religious importance, and frequent religious service attendance.

Conclusions:

  • Spirituality and character strengths are interconnected, forming 'spiritually grounded character'.
  • Elevated levels of conjoint spirituality and character are associated with enhanced wellbeing.
  • Formal religious identification, practice, and community may support and foster this integrated construct.