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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Related Experiment Video

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Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depola
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Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis pathways to control myelination specificity and function.

Tingxin Zhang, Han-Gyu Bae, Aksheev Bhambri

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
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    Autophagy, a cell survival process, triggers oligodendrocyte apoptosis during development to control myelination. This process also fine-tunes nerve pulse propagation in mature cells.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Oligodendrocytes are crucial for myelin production in the central nervous system.
    • The mechanisms controlling oligodendrocyte numbers and their functional significance are not fully understood.

    Approach:

    • Investigated the role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte development and function.
    • Utilized genetic manipulation to block autophagy flux in premyelinating oligodendrocytes.
    • Examined the impact of autophagy on oligodendrocyte survival, myelin sheath formation, and nerve pulse propagation.

    Key Points:

    • Autophagy flux is elevated in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, promoting their apoptosis.
    • Blocking autophagy leads to increased oligodendrocyte numbers and ectopic survival.
    • Autophagy acts via the TFEB-Bax/Bak-PUMA pathway to induce cell-autonomous apoptosis.
    • Autophagy also regulates myelin sheath thickness and nerve pulse propagation in mature oligodendrocytes.

    Conclusions:

    • Autophagy plays a critical role in regulating oligodendrocyte numbers during development.
    • Autophagy promotes physiological apoptosis in mammalian cells.
    • This study reveals intrinsic mechanisms controlling oligodendrocyte fate and myelination.