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Related Concept Videos

Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

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When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
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Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
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Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology
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A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

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Cell reorientation on a cyclically strained substrate.

Shuvrangsu Das1, Alberto Ippolito1, Patrick McGarry2

  • 1Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Trumpington St, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.

PNAS Nexus
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells avoid cyclic strain by reorienting their shape, not just by reorganizing internal stress fibers. This cell reorientation minimizes free energy, offering physical insights into tissue organization under mechanical stress.

Keywords:
cyclic strain avoidancefluctuationshomeostasisstress-fiber alignment

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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular mechanics
  • Biophysics
  • Tissue engineering

Background:

  • Cyclic strain avoidance is key to cell organization under mechanical stress.
  • Previously, stress-fiber reorganization was thought to be the primary mechanism.
  • Cellular reorientation and stress-fiber dynamics are known to be coupled.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a statistical mechanics framework coupling cytoskeletal stress-fiber organization and cell morphology.
  • To quantitatively compare the framework's predictions with experimental observations.
  • To elucidate the primary drivers of cyclic strain avoidance in adherent cells.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a statistical mechanics framework.
  • Coupled cytoskeletal stress-fiber organization with cell morphology.
  • Imposed cyclic straining on a 2D substrate.
  • Performed quantitative comparisons with experimental data.

Main Results:

  • The framework accurately predicts cyclic strain avoidance.
  • Cell reorientation, not cytoskeletal reorganization, is the primary cause of strain avoidance.
  • Cellular free energy minimization drives reorientation away from strain.
  • Kinetics show rigid body rotation is the main mechanism, not cell straining.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic strain avoidance is mainly driven by cell reorientation.
  • Cellular free energy minimization explains the avoidance behavior.
  • Understanding these coupled dynamics is crucial for cellular organization in strained tissues.