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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Making the head: Caspases in life and death.

Eva Svandova1, Herve Lesot2, Paul Sharpe2,3

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|January 30, 2023
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Summary

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and caspases are crucial for head development, influencing the brain, sensory organs, and craniofacial structures. Dysregulation of these processes can lead to developmental abnormalities.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental biological process investigated for fifty years.
  • Head anatomy and physiology are complex, necessitating focused studies of apoptosis in distinct structures.
  • Caspases, key cysteine proteases, play a central role in apoptotic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review recent knowledge on apoptosis-related molecules in head development.
  • To emphasize the role of caspases in craniofacial morphogenesis and neurogenesis.
  • To consider non-apoptotic functions of apoptosis-related molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on apoptosis and caspases in head development.
  • Analysis of research on neurogenesis, sensory organs, and craniofacial structures.
  • Inclusion of studies on skin, hair follicles, bone, palate, tooth, and angiogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis and caspases are integral to the development of the brain, sensory organs (eye, ear), muscles, and glands.
  • Caspases are implicated in the normal function of skin, hair follicles, and mineralized tissues.
  • Apoptosis is vital for craniofacial morphogenesis, including bone development, palate fusion, and tooth formation.
  • The role of apoptosis and caspases in angiogenesis is significant for tissue development and homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis and caspases are critical regulators of head development across multiple systems.
  • Aberrant expression or activation of apoptosis-related molecules can result in developmental defects.
  • Further research into non-apoptotic roles of caspases is warranted.