F₁F_o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is a potential drug target in non-communicable diseases

F₁F_o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, also known as the complex V, is the central ATP-producing unit in the cells arranged in the mitochondrial and plasma membranes. F₁F_o ATP synthase also regulates the central metabolic processes in the human body driven by proton motive force (Δp). Numerous studies have immensely contributed toward highlighting its regulation in improving energy homeostasis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, which otherwise gets compromised in illnesses. Yet, its role in the implication of non-communicable diseases remains unknown. F₁F_o ATP synthase dysregulation at gene level leads to reduced activity and delocalization in the cristae and plasma membranes, which is directly associated with non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and renal diseases. Individual subunits of the F₁F_o ATP synthase target ligand-based competitive or non-competitive inhibition. After performing a systematic literature review to understand its specific functions and its novel drug targets, the present article focuses on the central role of F₁F_o ATP synthase in primary non-communicable diseases. Next, it discusses its involvement through various pathways and the effects of multiple inhibitors, activators, and modulators specific to non-communicable diseases with a futuristic outlook.