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Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

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Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
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Six-Step Synthesis of (±)-Lysergic Acid.

Brian J Knight1, Ryan C Harbit1, Joel M Smith1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a concise 6-step synthesis for lysergic acid from simple aromatic compounds. This practical method uses coupling, dearomatization, and cyclization, enabling new neuroactive compound discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Lysergic acid is a core structure in various psychoactive compounds.
  • Efficient synthesis of lysergic acid and its derivatives is crucial for drug discovery.
  • Existing synthetic routes can be lengthy and complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a concise and practical synthesis of lysergic acid.
  • To demonstrate a novel synthetic strategy applicable to neuroactive compounds.
  • To synthesize a novel natural product derivative, 12-chlorolysergic acid.

Main Methods:

  • A 6-step synthetic strategy from commercial aromatic precursors.
  • Key reactions include coupling, dearomatization, and cyclization.
  • Utilized a halopyridine and a 4-haloindole derivative.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a concise synthesis of lysergic acid.
  • Successfully synthesized 12-chlorolysergic acid, a novel natural product derivative.
  • Demonstrated the utility of dearomative retrosynthetic analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthesis is practical and efficient.
  • The strategy facilitates the creation of novel lysergic acid derivatives.
  • This approach opens avenues for discovering new neuroactive compounds.