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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
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Comprehensive refractive manipulation of water waves using electrostriction.

Valentin Mouet1, Benjamin Apffel1, Emmanuel Fort1

  • 1Institut Langevin, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle (ESPCI-PSL), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Electrostriction enables precise, contactless control of water waves using refraction. This method allows for tunable focusing lenses and waveguides, overcoming limitations of traditional depth-based methods.

Keywords:
electrostrictionhydrodynamic wavesrefractionwater waveswave control

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Wave propagation
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Refraction principles offer powerful wave control, exemplified by optics.
  • Controlling water waves via depth variations is limited by nonlinearities and damping.
  • A contactless method for water wave refraction control is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate electrostriction as a method for precise, contactless control of water wave refraction.
  • To characterize the behavior of water waves under an electrostrictive field.
  • To implement refraction-based devices for water wave manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an electrode under high voltage placed above grounded conductive water.
  • Experimentally inducing electrostriction to modify water wave velocity.
  • Characterizing Snell-Descartes laws and total internal reflection for water waves.

Main Results:

  • Electrostriction successfully controlled water wave propagation.
  • Wave velocity was reduced by up to approximately 50% under the electrode.
  • Snell's law and total internal reflection were experimentally verified for water waves.
  • Electrically tunable focusing lenses, waveguides, and beam splitters were implemented.

Conclusions:

  • Electrostriction provides a novel and effective method for controlling water waves via refraction.
  • This technique overcomes limitations of traditional depth-based methods, enabling new applications.
  • The demonstrated devices showcase the potential for advanced water wave manipulation.