Strategies to improve the mass transfer in the CO₂ capture process using immobilized carbonic anhydrase

High carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the atmosphere urgently requires eco-friendly mitigation strategies. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a high-quality enzyme protein, available from a wide range of sources, which has an extremely high catalytic efficiency for the hydration of CO₂ compared with other catalytic CO₂ conversion systems. While free CA is costly and weakly stable, CA immobilization can significantly improve its stability and allow enzyme recycling. However, gaseous CO₂ is significantly different from traditional liquid substrates. Additionally, due to the presence of enzyme carriers, there is limited mass transfer between CO₂ and the active center of immobilized CA. Most of the available reviews provide an overview of the improvement in catalytic activity and stability of CA by different immobilization methods and substrates. However, they do not address the limited mass transfer between CO₂ and the active center of immobilized CA. Therefore, by focusing on the mass transfer process, this review presents CA immobilization strategies that are more efficient and of greater environmental tolerance by categorizing the methods of enhancing the mass transfer process at each stage of the enzymatic CO₂ capture reaction. Such improvements in this green and environmentally friendly biological carbon capture process can increase its efficiency for industrial applications.