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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 12, 2025

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Altered white matter functional network in nicotine addiction.

Chuan Fan1, Rujing Zha2, Yan Liu3

  • 1Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.

Psychiatry Research
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nicotine addiction alters brain white matter (WM) network function, showing reduced small-world properties. These WM network changes may serve as biomarkers for identifying nicotine addiction and its severity.

Keywords:
Functional connectivityGraph theoryNicotine addictionSmall-worldWhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Nicotine addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder impacting brain cortices and white matter (WM).
  • The precise nature of functional alterations within WM in nicotine addiction remains poorly understood.
  • The small-world network model effectively characterizes human brain structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate WM functional connectivity alterations in nicotine addiction using a small-world model.
  • To assess the potential of WM small-world properties as biomarkers for nicotine addiction diagnosis and severity assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Compared WM functional connectivity using a small-world model between 62 nicotine addicts and 66 healthy controls (discovery sample).
  • Utilized an independent validation sample of 32 nicotine addicts for clinical application testing.
  • Trained models on the discovery sample to identify addiction severity and applied them to the validation sample.

Main Results:

  • The nicotine addiction group exhibited decreased small-worldness index (σ) and normalized clustering coefficient (γ) in WM networks compared to controls.
  • WM functional connectivity small-world topology distinguished nicotine addicts from controls with 59.3% accuracy (p=0.0464).
  • Abnormal small-world properties successfully identified nicotine addiction severity in the validation sample with 65.6% accuracy (p=0.0106).

Conclusions:

  • Neuroimaging findings provide direct evidence of WM functional changes in nicotine addiction.
  • Small-world properties of WM functional networks show potential as biomarkers for nicotine addiction.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of nicotine addiction.