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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Assessing the Cellular Immune Response of the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay
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Innate Immunity and Phenoptosis.

Boris V Chernyak1, Konstantin G Lyamzaev2,3

  • 1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. Bchernyak1@gmail.com.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|January 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Innate immunity activation drives programmed organism death (phenoptosis). This involves excessive inflammation signaling and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species contributing to the immune response.

Keywords:
damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)inflammasomeinflammationmitochondrially-targeted antioxidantspathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)phenoptosisprogrammed death

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Phenoptosis, or programmed organism death, is a poorly understood process.
  • The role of the immune system in organism-level programmed death requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and support the hypothesis that innate immunity activation is the primary mechanism of phenoptosis.
  • To explore the cellular and molecular underpinnings of this proposed mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing scientific literature.
  • Analysis of data on cellular signaling molecules related to inflammation.
  • Examination of the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests active release of signaling molecules from cells contributes to excessive inflammation.
  • Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species plays a role in modulating the immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Activation of innate immunity is a plausible primary driver of phenoptosis.
  • Cellular inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are key components in programmed organism death.