Characterization of graphene oxide-ziziphus seeds and its application as a hazardous dye removal adsorbent

The zizphus seeds are considered as a biomaterial residues that has been used for removing of organic industrial waste such as 2-((10-octyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-yl) methylene) malononitrile (PTZS-CN) dye from aqueous solutions utilizing graphene oxide-Ziziphus (GO-Ziziphus). A batch study explored the impacts of various experimental circumstances, including solution pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and contact time. General order, nonlinear pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, elvoich model and intraparticiple diffusion were utilized to analyze the kinetic data. The adsorption kinetics of dye onto GO-ziziphus adsorption was best mentioned by nonlinear pseudo-first order. Similarly, the intra-particle diffusion plots revealed one exponential line throughout the adsorption process. The Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Langmuir models were employed to examine isothermal data. It provided the best fit of the dye adsorption isothermal data onto GO-ziziphus Freundlich models. Besides, the calculated free energies showed that the adsorption progression was physical adsorption. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that dye adsorption onto GO-ziziphus was exothermic and spontaneous. The combined results indicated that GO-ziziphus powder might be used to treat dye-rich wastewater effectively.