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Updated: Aug 12, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Evidence-Based Medicine: Facial Reanimation
Kyle S Kimura1, Peter Kfoury2, Jon-Paul Pepper1
1Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Abstract:
This article provides a brief historical overview of the assessment instruments that have been developed to categorize the severity of disease in patients with facial palsy. Important advances in the quality of these instruments are discussed. The modern-day instruments that are commonly required for evidence-based patient assessment are then presented, with emphasis on the level of evidence of the studies that describe these instruments.
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