Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2025
Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
Published on: January 18, 2021
Development and evaluation of a portable and soft 3D-printed cast for laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy model in
Jianfu Xia1,2,3, Jinlei Mao4, Hao Chen4
1Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou Central Hospital), Wenzhou, 325000, China.
Background:
Laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy (LCJ) is an essential basic skill for biliary surgeons. Therefore, we established a convenient and effective LCJ 3D printing model to evaluate whether the model could simulate the actual operation situation and determine its effectiveness and validity in surgical training.
Methods:
A 3D printing dry laboratory model was established to simulate LCJ. The face and content validity of the model were evaluated by six experienced biliary surgeons based on 5-point Likert scale questionnaires. A total of 15 surgeons with different levels of experience performed LCJ on the model and evaluated the structural validity of the model using the objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS). Simultaneously, the operation time of each surgery was also recorded. A study was also performed to further evaluate the learning curve of residents.
Results:
The operating space score of the model was 4.83 ± 0.41 points. The impression score of bile duct and intestinal canal was 4.33 ± 0.52 and 4.17 ± 0.41 points, respectively. The tactile sensation score of bile duct suture and intestinal canal suture was 4.00 ± 0.63 and 3.83 ± 0.41points, respectively. The OSATS score for model operation in the attending group was 29.20 ± 0.45 points, which was significantly higher than that in the fellow group (26.80 ± 1.10, P = 0.007) and the resident group (19.80 ± 1.30, P < 0.001). In addition, there was a statistical difference in operation time among surgeons of different experience levels (P < 0.05). Residents could significantly improve the surgical score and shorten the time of LCJ through repeated training.
Conclusions:
The 3D printing LCJ model can simulate the real operation scenes and distinguish surgeons with different levels of experience. The model is expected to be one of the training methods for biliary tract surgery in the future.
