Cellular Uptake, Metabolism and Sensing of Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids (FAs) are critical nutrients that regulate an organism's health and development in mammal. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) can be divided into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, depending on whether the carbon chain contains at least 1 double bond. The fatty acids that are required for humans and animals are obtained primarily from dietary sources, and LCFAs are absorbed from outside of cells in mammals. LCFAs enter cells through several mechanisms, including passive diffusion and protein-mediated translocation across the plasma membrane, the latter in which FA translocase (FAT/CD36), plasma membrane FA-binding protein (FABPpm), FA transport protein (FATP), and caveolin-1 are believed to have important functions. The LCFAs that are taken up by cells bind to FA-binding proteins (FABPs) and are transported to the specific organelles, where they are activated into acyl-CoA to target specific metabolic pathways. LCFA-CoAs can be esterified to phospholipids, triacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester, and other specialized lipids. Non-esterified free fatty acids are preferentially stored as triacylglycerol molecules. The main pathway by which fatty acids are catabolized is β-oxidation, which occurs in mitochondria and peroxisomes. stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)-dependent and Fatty acid desaturases (FADS)-dependent fatty acid desaturation pathways coexist in cells and provide metabolic plasticity. The process of fatty acid elongation occurs by cycling through condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction. Extracellular LCFA can be mediated by membrane protein G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) or G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) to activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, and intracellular LCFA's sensor remains to be determined. The crystal structures of a phosphatidic acid phosphatase and a membrane-bound fatty acid elongase-condensing enzyme and other LCFA-related proteins provide important insights into the mechanism of utilization, increasing our understanding of the cellular uptake, metabolism and sensing of LCFAs.