Biomolecular analyses enable new insights into ancient Egyptian embalming

Area of Science:

• Archaeochemistry
• Egyptology
• Organic residue analysis

Background:

• Ancient Egyptian mummification is a complex chemical and ritual process, with the exact methods and materials used remaining a subject of fascination and study.
• Understanding embalming practices provides insights into ancient Egyptian society, economy, and trade.

Observation:

• Analysis of 31 ceramic vessels from a 26th Dynasty embalming workshop at Saqqara provided direct evidence of embalming materials.
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic contents of the vessels.
• Vessel labels allowed correlation of organic substances with their ancient Egyptian names and specific uses in mummification.

Findings:

• Specific mixtures of fragrant or antiseptic oils, tars, and resins were identified for embalming the head and treating wrappings.
• Non-local organic substances, such as Pistacia, conifer by-products, dammar, and elemi, were crucial for mummification, indicating extensive trade networks.
• Ancient Egyptian terms 'antiu' and 'sefet' were identified as a coniferous oils/tars mixture and a plant-additive unguent, respectively, clarifying their use in embalming.

Implications:

• The study reconstructs the socio-economic aspects of embalming, linking material sourcing to trade routes within the Mediterranean and with tropical regions.
• This research enhances our understanding of the practical chemistry and economy behind ancient Egyptian mummification.
• The findings contribute to a macro-level interpretation of ancient Egyptian society through the lens of its trade and resource management for funerary practices.