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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nutrition and epigenetic programming.

Carsten Carlberg1,2, Eunike Velleuer3,4

  • 1Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.

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Summary

Dietary molecules and their metabolites can program the epigenome, influencing cellular fate and disease susceptibility. This nutritional epigenetics field explores how diet impacts long-lasting epigenetic memory and health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional epigenetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The epigenome, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, functions as cellular memory, influencing gene expression and cell fate.
  • Dietary components and their metabolites act as signals that direct epigenetic programming and memory.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for interpreting disease risk and developing preventive strategies.

Approach:

  • Reviewing the role of intermediary metabolites in chromatin modifier activity.
  • Examining nutrition-triggered epigenetic memory during pre- and postnatal development.
  • Investigating vitamin D's role in epigenetic programming of immune cells.

Key Points:

  • Nutritional molecules are key regulators of epigenomic programming.
  • Epigenetic memory established by diet impacts long-term cellular decisions and health.
  • Diet-induced epigenetic changes contribute to susceptibility to complex diseases like metabolic syndrome, cancer, and immune disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Nutritional epigenetics, a subdiscipline of nutrigenomics, highlights diet's profound impact on the epigenome.
  • Dietary modulation of epigenetic programming has significant implications for disease risk assessment and prevention.