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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Stem Cell Transplantation Strategies for the Restoration of Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

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Whole-brain radiotherapy associated with structural changes resembling aging as determined by anatomic surface-based

Nikhil Rammohan¹, Alexander Ho¹, Pierre Besson²

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

|February 3, 2023

Summary

Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) accelerates brain aging significantly, with substructures aging up to 13 times faster. Hippocampal avoidance WBRT shows protective effects on the hippocampus structure.

Keywords:

MRI aging brain metastases deep learning

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Radiotherapy Research
Medical Imaging Analysis

Background:

Brain metastases are common intracranial tumors linked to high morbidity and mortality.
Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is a palliative treatment but can cause neurocognitive deficits.
Previous studies show localized hippocampal injury after WBRT, but global structural changes are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate global structural shape changes in the brain after WBRT.
To quantify the accelerated aging effect of WBRT on the brain and its substructures.
To compare the effects of conventional WBRT versus hippocampal avoidance (HA)-WBRT on brain structure.

Main Methods:

Utilized MRI brain anatomic surface data from healthy controls and patients with brain metastases.
Implemented a graph convolutional neural network to estimate "brain age" from structural data.
Employed a mixed-effects linear model to compare brain age before and after WBRT.

Main Results:

Analyzed 4220 subjects (4148 controls, 72 patients).
Found accelerated brain aging post-WBRT: whole brain (9.32x), cortex (8.05x), subcortical structures (12.57x), and hippocampus (10.14x).
Hippocampus aged 8.88x faster after conventional WBRT compared to HA-WBRT.

Conclusions:

WBRT induces structural brain changes resembling rapid aging, up to 13 times the normal pace.
Hippocampal avoidance offers protection to the hippocampus structure against WBRT-induced aging.
Future research should correlate these structural changes with neurocognitive outcomes.