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Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
Published on: January 7, 2016
Doping and sports endocrinology: growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, and erythropoietin
J A García-Arnés1, N García-Casares2
1Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
Abstract:
Among the substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, "peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics" are classified as prohibited both in- and out-of-competition in section S2. This work reviews growth hormone and its releasing peptides, insulin-like growth factor 1 as the main growth factor, insulin, and erythropoietin and other agents that affect erythropoiesis. This review analyzes the prevalence of use among professional athletes and gym clients, the forms of use, dosing, ergogenic effects and effects on physical performance, as well as side effects and anti-doping detection methods.
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