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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

420
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

405
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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The Nativist Approach01:21

The Nativist Approach

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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
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Language Exposure for Preterm Infants is Reduced Relative to Fetuses.

Brian B Monson1, Sophie E Ambrose2, Carey Gaede3

  • 1Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|February 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preterm infants experience significantly less language exposure than fetuses, potentially leading to deficits impacting neurobehavioral development. This alarming difference highlights critical auditory environment disparities.

Keywords:
auditory developmentlanguagepreterm birth

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Auditory experiences in utero and post-birth significantly influence infant development.
  • Preterm birth and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stays alter the auditory environment compared to the womb.
  • Understanding these environmental differences is crucial for identifying potential developmental risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare auditory and language exposures of preterm infants in the NICU with those of typically developing fetuses in utero.
  • To quantify deficits in language and sound exposure for preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study analyzed over 23,000 hours of auditory data from 27 fetuses and 24 preterm infants.
  • Audio recording devices captured in-utero (via pregnant mothers) and NICU environments.
  • Multilevel linear regressions and mixed-effects models assessed group differences and influencing factors (infant sex, maternal education, occupation).

Main Results:

  • Fetuses received ~5 times more daily language exposure (2.6 hrs) than preterm infants (32 mins).
  • Preterm infants had significantly higher exposure to electronic sounds (5.1 hrs) and noise (4.4 hrs), with substantial periods of silence (4.7 hrs).
  • Auditory exposures for fetuses showed clear day/night cycles, unlike the flatter exposure patterns in preterm infants.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first direct comparison of auditory environments for fetuses and preterm infants.
  • Preterm infants may experience language exposure deficits exceeding 150 hours during the preterm period.
  • The magnitude of this language deficit is concerning, given its known impact on neurobehavioral outcomes.