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Single Extracellular Vesicle Transmembrane Protein Characterization by Nano-Flow Cytometry
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Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: emerging complexities.

Dennis K Jeppesen1, Qin Zhang1, Jeffrey L Franklin1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

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|February 3, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) are more diverse than previously known, with new types like exomeres and supermeres emerging. This discovery reshapes our understanding of cell biology and intercellular communication.

Keywords:
ectosomesexomeresexosomesextracellular vesiclesmicrovesiclessupermeres

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) research is rapidly evolving.
  • Recent discoveries reveal greater complexity and diversity in EVs and NPs than previously understood.
  • New types of EVs and NPs, including amembranous exomeres and supermeres, have been identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the different types of EVs and NPs.
  • To highlight recent advances in the field.
  • To present major outstanding questions regarding EVs and NPs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries in EV and NP research.
  • Analysis of protein and nucleic acid packaging in different EV and NP subtypes.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of cell biology and intercellular communication mediated by EVs and NPs.

Main Results:

  • Proteins and nucleic acids previously associated with exosomes are found to be enriched in other EV types and in exomeres and supermeres.
  • The classification and understanding of EVs and NPs are in a state of flux due to new findings.
  • Identification of novel amembranous NPs (exomeres and supermeres) expands the landscape of intercellular communication mediators.

Conclusions:

  • The field of extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles requires updated models to account for newly discovered types and their cargo.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific roles and mechanisms of exomeres and supermeres in intercellular communication.
  • Outstanding questions remain regarding the biogenesis, function, and therapeutic potential of the diverse range of EVs and NPs.