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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Methods of Documentation V: CBE01:23

Methods of Documentation V: CBE

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Charting by Exception, or CBE, is a method of documentation used in healthcare, particularly in nursing, that focuses on documenting only significant or abnormal findings rather than recording every detail. This approach aims to streamline the documentation process, improve efficiency, and ensure that healthcare providers can quickly identify deviations from normalcy in patient assessments.
In CBE, healthcare professionals establish predefined standards of practice that define what constitutes...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
08:49

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

Published on: June 6, 2020

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Breech presentation induction compared to cephalic presentation: Effectiveness and characteristics.

Florence Leblanc1, Myriam Khobzaoui1, Emeline Cailliau2

  • 1CHU Lille, Department of Obstetrics, F-59000 Lille, France.

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
|February 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Induction of labor for breech presentations is as effective as for cephalic presentations, with similar rates of cesarean section and active labor transition. Maternal morbidity was not increased in breech inductions.

Keywords:
Active phaseBreechCephalicCesarean sectionInductionSuccess

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Induction of labor is a common obstetric procedure.
  • Breech presentation historically suggested cesarean delivery, but induction protocols are evolving.
  • Comparing induction effectiveness in breech versus cephalic presentations is crucial for optimizing delivery outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of labor induction in cephalic versus breech presentations.
  • To evaluate maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality associated with induction in breech presentations.
  • To analyze characteristics of breech presentations undergoing induction.

Main Methods:

  • Single-center retrospective study (January 2014 - December 2020).
  • Included patients with breech presentation requiring induction beyond 37 weeks gestation.
  • Matched 1:2 with cephalic presentations; primary outcome was successful induction (active phase and vaginal delivery).

Main Results:

  • 101 breech inductions were matched with 202 cephalic inductions.
  • No significant difference in cesarean section rates (33.7% breech vs 25.7% cephalic) or transition to active phase (82.2% breech vs 80.7% cephalic) after BISHOP score adjustment.
  • Post-partum hemorrhage rates were similar; moderate neonatal acidosis was more frequent in the breech group (15.8% vs 6.4%).

Conclusions:

  • Induction of labor for breech presentations beyond 37 weeks is as effective as for cephalic presentations.
  • Cesarean section and active labor rates are comparable between groups.
  • Induction of labor for breech presentation does not increase maternal morbidity.