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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Centromere repositioning and shifts in wheat evolution.

Jing Zhao1, Yilin Xie2, Chuizheng Kong3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.

Plant Communications
|February 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wheat centromere evolution involves repeat expansion and interweaving of subgenomes. Active centromeres are genetically and epigenetically determined, with repositioning influenced by polyploidization and introgression.

Keywords:
centromere repositioningepigenetic modificationswheat evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Plant Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The centromere is crucial for chromosome segregation during cell division and organism reproduction.
  • Understanding centromere dynamics offers insights into wheat evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze wheat centromere dynamics during evolution.
  • To investigate the genetic and epigenetic factors determining active centromeres in wheat.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq)
  • Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS)
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)
  • Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq)
  • Comparative genomics

Main Results:

  • Centromeric repeats (CRWs) expanded during wheat polyploidization, with significant interweaving between A and B subgenomes.
  • Centromere repositioning was observed in specific wheat chromosomes (1B, 3D, 4D) between cultivars and ancestors.
  • Active centromeres exhibit distinct methylation patterns (low CG, high CHH/CHG) and open chromatin structure with higher gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Wheat centromere evolution is shaped by repeat expansion, subgenome interactions, and polyploidization events.
  • Centromere repositioning and epigenetic modifications are key features of wheat centromere dynamics.
  • Active centromeres in wheat are determined by a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors.