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Updated: Aug 11, 2025

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Machine Learning Customized Novel Material for Energy-Efficient 4D Printing.

Chaolin Tan1, Qian Li2, Xiling Yao1

  • 1Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|February 5, 2023
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a novel maraging steel for laser additive manufacturing (LAM) that forms precipitates during printing, eliminating post-heat treatments. This in situ 4D printing approach achieves high strength and efficiency.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Commercial powders for laser additive manufacturing (LAM) typically require post-heat treatments (PHT).
  • The intrinsic heat treatment (IHT) during LAM offers potential for developing customized materials.
  • Developing LAM-specific materials that leverage IHT is crucial for advanced manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To customize a novel Fe-Ni-Ti-Al maraging steel for LAM.
  • To utilize the IHT effect for in situ precipitation without PHT.
  • To demonstrate in situ 4D printing by integrating precipitation hardening with 3D geometry shaping.

Main Methods:

  • Machine learning-assisted material customization.
  • Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) with a tailored intermittent deposition strategy.
Keywords:
4D printingadditive manufacturinggreen metalsintrinsic heat treatmentmachine Learningnew materialssustainable materials

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  • Analysis of in situ Ni3Ti precipitation kinetics and heterogeneous nucleation on dislocations.

    • Main Results:

    • A novel Fe-Ni-Ti-Al maraging steel was successfully developed for LAM.
    • In situ Ni3Ti precipitation occurred in the martensitic matrix due to IHT, eliminating the need for PHT.
    • The as-built steel achieved a tensile strength of 1538 MPa and 8.1% uniform elongation.
    • Demonstrated synchronous integration of precipitation hardening with 3D geometry shaping (in situ 4D printing).

    Conclusions:

    • Leveraging IHT in LAM enables the development of customized high-strength steels without PHT.
    • In situ 4D printing offers energy-efficient and sustainable manufacturing of advanced materials.
    • Understanding IHT-material interactions is key to designing next-generation LAM materials.