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Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation.

Jos J Rozema1,2,3

  • 1Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium.

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
|February 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of normal eye growth from before birth to 18 years, revealing a bi-exponential pattern related to passive and active emmetropization. These findings offer a crucial reference for understanding myopia development.

Keywords:
ageingchildrenemmetropisationeye growthhomeostasismodellingocular biometry

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science
  • Human Growth and Development
  • Biometry

Background:

  • Existing data on ocular growth are fragmented by parameter and age range.
  • A comprehensive overview of normal eye growth is needed for ages from prenatal to 18 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a unified overview of normal ocular growth (excluding myopia) from prenatal development through 18 years of age.
  • To establish a reference dataset for typical eye development.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature search across six databases for ocular parameters and age groups.
  • Analyzed 294 studies yielding 3422 average values for 17 parameters from 679,398 measurements.
  • Calculated additional parameters like Bennett crystalline lens power and axial power.

Main Results:

  • Ocular biometric parameters exhibit a bi-exponential growth pattern (r² range: 0.64-0.99), with a passive phase completing by 18 months and an active phase extending beyond adulthood.
  • Refractive error change follows a sum of four exponentials (r² = 0.58).
  • Ocular components show synchronized initial growth rate changes that become independent post-birth.

Conclusions:

  • Normal eye growth follows a bi-exponential pattern, reflecting both genetically programmed passive growth and active emmetropization.
  • This detailed growth model provides a valuable baseline for studying deviations like myopia.
  • Understanding these distinct growth phases is key to comprehending emmetropization and its potential disruptions.